Freshwater (=Inland waters)
The species prefer lotic systems with clear water that has a gravel or sand bottom (Mulder 1973, Skelton 1993, De Villiers 2007). Juveniles feed on a wide variety of aquatic organisms while adults are mostly piscivorous (Mulder 1971, 1973; Bruton et al. 1982; De Villiers 2007). Spawning takes place during middle to late summer where eggs hatch after two to three days (Kotze 2002). The species is known to have a slow growth rate (attaining 30 cm, after five years), with late maturity, low fecundity, and a long lifespan.SANBI is currently in the process of adding more information about species to this database.