Red List of South African Species

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Least Concern (LC)

Rationale (Changed due to Same category and criteria)

Kinixys spekii is widespread in eastern Africa, and protected in several national parks and game reserves throughout its range. It was nevertheless considered Vulnerable on a global scale (Turtle taxonomy working group 2014) at a Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) workshop in August 2013. Its distribution in South Africa and Eswatini (Swaziland) is relatively wide (extent of occurrence (EOO) = 213,980 km2) and overlaps with several protected areas, including the Kruger National Park. Most of the species’ range falls in Limpopo Province, for which 15% of land cover is considered transformed (Limpopo Environmental Outlook Report 2016). In Eswatini (Swaziland), more than 50% of its Lowveld habitat (from the Usuthu northwards) has been lost to sugarcane (R.C. Boycott pers. obs.) and fire is an new threat due to bush clearing (Boycott 2014). These observations are confirmed by land cover maps, which show that most habitats in eastern Mpumalanga is covered by plantations and that land transformation between 1994 and 2005 was extensive over the species’ range in Swaziland, Mpumalanga and Limpopo (Schoeman et al. 2013). We estimate that at least 20% of the species’ habitat has been destroyed and the process is continuing. However, the species is still common in some regions although no information exists on population size. On a regional basis for South Africa and Eswatini (Swaziland), we assess K. spekii as Least Concern but recommend that its status be monitored over the next years to ascertain if it should be listed as Vulnerable.

Distribution

Widespread in tropical central, eastern and southern Africa (Boycott and Bourquin 2000), from Kenya in the northeast through Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi and Zimbabwe into northeastern South Africa and Swaziland. The species has a limited presence in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia and Mozambique (Turtle taxonomy working group 2014). In South Africa, the range extends from the northern parts of Limpopo Province southwards into North-West and Gauteng Provinces, and eastwards into the subtropical Lowveld regions of Mpumalanga and Eswatini (Swaziland). It has a peripheral presence in the northernmost part of KwaZulu-Natal, just south of the Great Usutu River, which may represent displaced individuals (Bourquin 2004; R.C. Boycott pers. obs.). The species' distribution overlaps widely with that of Kinixys lobatsiana in Limpopo and it occurs sympatrically with K. natalensis on the Lebombo Mountains and its foothills in Eswatini (Swaziland) (Boycott 2001).

Population trend

Trend

No information exists on population numbers in South Africa. A 12-year study in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe, showed a population density of 0.16 tortoises per hectare and a high mortality rate due to predation by mammalian and avian predators (Coulson and Hailey 2001). Lambiris et al. (1989) recorded a population density of 2.2 Kinixys spekii per hectare in Zimbabwe in prime habitat.

Threats

The most important threat to the species is habitat degradation and destruction that occurred in the past and is expected to continue into the future. Human induced changes to the habitat resulted in an increased threat of wildfires, which can decimate local populations. Predation levels are high in some regions and the species is used for trade and possibly medicinal purposes.

Uses and trade

Between 2006 and 2015, 8,151 Kinixys spekii were exported from Africa, of which 29 were from South Africa (CITES 2017). Kinixys spekii is utilized by people through most of its range (Mifsud and Stapleton 2014). In Eswatini (Swaziland) ash obtained from the burnt shells of these tortoises is used to pack burns and scalding injuries (Boycott 2001). It is not known whether live tortoises are collected and killed or whether the shells of dead tortoises found in the wild are used for this purpose.

Conservation

Kinixys spekii is included in CITES Appendix II and is protected in South Africa at national level by the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) (NEM:BA) and at regional level by provincial nature conservation ordinances and biodiversity laws. It is necessary to obtain more information on population status in protected areas.

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