Red List of South African Species

Alternatively, Explore species
| National Red List categories | Partners |
Least Concern (LC)
Assessors: Nina Du Toit Neville Pillay Guila Ganem Claire Relton
Contributors: Nico Avenant Margaret Avery Rod Baxter Duncan MacFadyen Ara Mondajem Guy Palmer Peter Taylor Beryl Wilson
Reviewers: Matthew Child

Rationale (Changed due to Taxonomy)

Rhabdomys spp. are widespread, versatile and common species, coexisting with humans in disturbed, semi-urban and agricultural landscapes. Thus, all species are listed as Least Concern. Rhabdomys dilectus has a wide distribution across the northeastern interior and coastal regions of South Africa, including Lesotho and Swaziland and occurs in many protected areas. Similarly, R. intermedius and R. bechuanae have a wide distribution across the interior of South Africa, in arid habitats that are unlikely to be rapidly transformed on a broad scale, and occur in many protected areas. Rhabdomys bechuanae occurs in the Free State Province and northern reaches of the Northern Cape Province. Rhabdomys pumilio is restricted to the low-altitude coastal region within the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes from the Richtersveld in the west to Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province.

Overgrazing may reduce the ground cover on which R. dilectus and R. intermedius depend and thus lead to local declines, but this is not expected to impact the population overall. Rhabdomys bechuanae and R. pumilio do not rely on ground cover as much and are thus not as adversely affected by overgrazing. Managers should be encouraged to retain ground cover by de-stocking for R. dilectus and R. intermedius. However, R. bechuanae and R. pumilio appear to require no direct intervention atpresent. Research should focus on delimiting the geographical extent of all species and researching theirecological differences. The subspecies R. d. chakae is recognised as a full species by some and may need separate assessment once consensus is reached as it is endemic to the assessment region.

Regional population effects: Dispersal between regions is possible for R. dilectus and R. bechuanae as these species occur in a wide array of habitats.

Distribution

Rhabdomys spp. are broadly distributed across the assessment region. Their extent of occurrence is wide, while the distribution at the local scale is probably patchy and discontinuous. It cannot be stipulated with certainty whether the current distribution differs significantly from the historical distribution. Rhabdomys, however, appears to be well adapted to agricultural and semi-urban areas, therefore human activities probably would not have led to a significant reduction in distribution range. Within the assessment region, R. dilectus occurs within the Grassland and Savannah Biomes along the mesic eastern region of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho, while the xeric clades (R. pumilio, R. intermedius and R. bechuanae) occur within more arid to savannah habitats in central and western South Africa (Monadjem et al. 2015). Specifically:
  • Within the R. dilectus clade, R. d. chakae, which is endemic to the assessment region, occurs in the eastern regions of South Africa from the Soutpansberg Mountains in the north to the Eastern Cape Province in the south, extending into Swaziland and Lesotho (Castiglia et al. 2012; du Toit et al. 2012); while R. d. dilectus occurs in northern South Africa northwards through Zimbabwe, Malawi to East Africa, with an apparently isolated population on the plateau of Angola (Castiglia et al. 2012). The two subspecies appear parapatric (Happold 2013), but there is a known case of sympatry (Monadjem et al. 2015).
  • Rhabdomys bechuanae occurs widely in the central and western regions of South Africa (Free State, North West and Northern Cape provinces), mostly north of the Gariep (Orange) River, northwards and westwards through Botswana to Namibia and extreme southwestern Angola (Monadjem et al. 2015).
  • Rhabdomys intermedius is endemic to the southern interior regions of South Africa where it occurs in a narrow band through the Karoo, wedged between R. pumilio on the coast and R. bechuanae further north (du Toit et al. 2012).
  • Rhabdomys pumilio is endemic to South Africa where it occurs along a narrow coastal strip within the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes from Port Elizabeth/Fort Beaufort in the east (Eastern Cape) to the mouth of the Gariep (Orange) River in the Richtersveld in the west (Northern Cape) (du Toit et al. 2012).
The proposed species within the xeric clades have mostly allopatric distributions with several zones of sympatry at the distribution margins with R. dilectus (see du Toit et al. 2012; Ganem et al. 2012). There are several sampling sites where more than one species was present, so-called contact zones. At this stage of our knowledge, these contact zones are in Fort Beaufort (Eastern Cape), Sandveld Nature Reserve, Soetdoring, Tussen-Die-Riviere (Free State), and Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Irene and Carltonville (Gauteng). In the Sandveld Nature Reserve, R. bechuanae occurs insympatry with R. d. dilectus and R. d. chakae. Rhabdomys intermedius was described from Cradock and Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape, as well as Deelfontein in the Northern Cape; this species mostly represents the central clade, when R. pumilio was split into three geographically distinct groups (du Toit et al. 2012). Likewise, the distribution of R. bechuanae is mostly represented by the northern clade, which is known from Namibia, Botswana, as well as the Northern Cape and North West provinces of South Africa (du Toit et al. 2012). 

Further molecular research and vetting of museum specimens is needed to more accurately delineate the distribution ranges of the various species.

Population trend

Trend

No national abundance information is available for these species and, although they can be locally and temporally abundant, their densities are known to fluctuate (Happold 2013). Fast growth, followed by population crashes, occur frequently. The species commonly occur in high numbers, often significantly higher than all other co-occurring small mammal species (Happold 2013). A comparative study between the Rhabdomys spp. in the arid Succulent Karoo and those in the moist grassland habitats of South Africa found that, as a result of increased rainfall levels, Rhabdomys in grassland regions exhibited much longer breeding seasons (Schradin and Pillay 2005). Additionally, high annual survival rates in the Succulent Karoo resulted in significantly higher population densities compared to drier grassland regions (Schradin and Pillay 2005). In the Succulent Karoo, average population densities of 36.6 ± 21.2 mice / ha (N = 5 groups) were reported in September, increasing to a peak of 171.1 ± 40.9 mice / ha (N = 7 groups) in December, and then declining through the rest of summer and into winter (Schradin and Pillay 2005). In other parts of South Africa, densities of 35–93 individuals / ha, and 30–300 individuals / ha were recorded in the Highveld grasslands (Brooks 1974) and the Cape Flats (David and Jarvis 1985), respectively.

Threats

No major threats have been recognized for this species complex, and given the extensive occurrence of these species and their ability to coexist with humans in agricultural and semi-urban areas, they are unlikely to be threatened in the near future. However, the various proposed species may be susceptible to range declines or shifts due to climate change (Rymer et al. 2013). Considering the lack of information regarding the ecology and distribution of this species complex, the extent to which each species may be affected by habitat shifts is largely uncertain.

Uses and trade

Rhabdomys is currently only being utilised for research and museum collections. It is an important research model to assess social evolution and ecological diversification.

Conservation

These species are located in many protected areas throughout their range. For example, R. bechuanae is present within Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Richtersveld National Park, Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve and Sandveld Nature Reserve; R. dilectus has been located within Willem-Pretorius Game Reserve, Sandveld Nature Reserve, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve and Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve. No conservation interventions are deemed necessary for this species complex, although all Rhabdomys species are likely to benefit from the expansion of protected areas into suitable habitats. This is especially true for Rhabdomys pumilio and the expansion of lowland fynbos protected areas in the Western Cape.

Recommendations for land managers and practitioners:
  • R. dilectus and R. intermedius would benefit from suitable land management: land owners should leave corridors of grassland between grazed areas and decrease stocking rates.
Research priorities:
  • Rate of future habitat loss in the Western Cape. 
  • Species geographical distribution, morphometrics, genotyping of populations and taxonomic assessment. This includes vetting of existing museum specimens.
  • Species social and general biology.
  • Ecology and mechanisms of coexistence with other Rhabdomys species.
  • Continued research into the status of the subspecies R. d. chakae, which may need to be enhanced to species status, and thus reassessed, following additional molecular analysis.
A multidisciplinary study (Eco-Rhab) into the adaptive ecological radiation of the Rhabdomys genus is currently (2014–2017) being conducted by Guila Ganem (Institute of Evolutionary Sciences), Neville Pillay (University of the Witwatersrand), Nico Avenant (The National Museum Bloemfontein), and Teresa Kearney (The Ditsong Museum of Natural History). More information is available at: http://www.southern-africa.aird.fr/science-in-southern-africa/research-projects/unravelling-the-ecology-of-radiation-in-the-african-striped-mouse.

Encouraged citizen actions:
  • Report sightings on virtual museum platforms (e.g., iSpot and MammalMAP), especially outside protected areas. However, due to their morphological similarities, identification to species level may prove difficult, especially in zones of sympatry.

References 

[@book{275,
 address = {Cambridge},
 author = {Skinner, J.D. and Chimimba, C.T.},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom},
 title = {The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion},
 year = {2005}
}
,@book{1087,
 address = {Pretoria, South Africa},
 author = {Meester, J.A.J., Rautenbach, I.L., Dippenaar, N.J. and Baker, C.M.},
 publisher = {Transvaal Museum },
 title = {Classification of Southern African Mammals. Monograph number 5.},
 year = {1986}
}
,@article{5228,
 author = {Lynch, C.D.},
 journal = {Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein},
 pages = {177--241},
 title = {The mammals of Lesotho},
 volume = {10},
 year = {1994}
}
,@book{9077,
 address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
 author = {Roberts, A.},
 publisher = {Central New Agency},
 title = {The Mammals of South Africa},
 year = {1951}
}
,@book{9077,
 address = {Pietermaritzburg, South Africa},
 author = {Taylor, P.J.},
 publisher = {University of Natal Press},
 title = {The Smaller Mammals of KwaZulu-Natal},
 year = {1998}
}
,@inbook{13974,
 address = {Baltimore, USA},
 author = {},
 booktitle = {Superfamily Muroidea},
 editor = {Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D.},
 pages = {894--1531},
 publisher = {The John Hopkins University Press},
 title = {Mammal Species of the World: a geographic and taxonomic reference},
 year = {2005}
}
,@book{14262,
 address = {Berlin, Germany},
 author = {Monadjem, A., Taylor, P.J., Denys, C. and Cotterill, F.P.D.},
 publisher = {De Gruyter},
 title = {Rodents of Sub-Saharan Africa: A Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis. },
 year = {2015}
}
,@inbook{136713,
 address = {London},
 author = {},
 booktitle = {<i>Pronoloagus saundersiae</i>},
 editor = {Happold, D.C.D.},
 pages = {717},
 publisher = {Bloomsbury},
 title = {Mammals of Africa vol. III:  Rodents, Hares and Rabbits},
 year = {2013}
}
,@book{112168517,
 address = {Salisbury, Rhodesia},
 author = {Smithers, R.H.N. and Wilson, V.J.},
 publisher = {Trustees of the National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia},
 title = {Check List and Atlas of the Mammals of Zimbabwe Rhodesia},
 year = {1979}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {du Toit , N., Jansen van Vuuren , B., Matthee, S. and Matthee, C.A.},
 journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
 pages = {75–86},
 title = {Biome specificity of distinct genetic lineages within the four-striped mouse, <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa with implications for taxonomy},
 volume = {65},
 year = {2012}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Ganem, G., Meynard, C.N., Perigault, M., Lancaster, J., Edwards, S., Caminade P., Watson J. and Pillay N.},
 journal = {Acta Oecologica },
 pages = {30–40},
 title = {Environmental correlates and co-occurrence of three mitochondrial lineages of striped mice (<i>Rhabdomys</i>) in the Free State Province (South Africa)},
 volume = {42},
 year = {2012}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {David J.H.M. and Jarvis J.U.M.},
 journal = {Journal of Zoology},
 pages = {251–276},
 title = {Population fluctuations, reproduction and survival in the striped fieldmouse <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> on the Cape Flats, South Africa},
 volume = {207},
 year = {1985}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Meynard, C.N., Pillay, N., Perrigault, M., Caminade, P. and Ganem, G.},
 journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
 pages = {1008–1023},
 title = {Evidence of environmental niche differentiation in the striped mouse (<i>Rhabdomys</i> sp.): inference from its current distribution in southern Africa},
 volume = {2},
 year = {2012}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Schradin, C. and Pillay N.},
 journal = {Mammalian Biology},
 pages = {84–92},
 title = {Demography of the striped mouse (<i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i>) in the succulent karoo},
 volume = {70},
 year = {2005}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Rymer ,T.L., Pillay N. and Schradin C.},
 journal = {Sustainability },
 pages = {163–186},
 title = {Extinction or survival? Behavioral flexibility in response to environmental change in the African striped mouse <i>Rhabdomys</i>},
 volume = {5},
 year = {2013}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Wirminghaus, J.O. and Perrin, M.R.},
 journal = {Israel Journal of Zoology},
 pages = {353–361},
 title = {Diets of small mammals in a southern African temperate forest.},
 volume = {38},
 year = {1992}
}
,@phdthesis{112168517,
 author = {Brooks, P.M.},
 school = {University of Pretoria},
 title = {The ecology of the four-striped field mouse, <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i>(Sparrman, 1984), with particular reference to a population on the Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve, Pretoria. D.Sc. Thesis.},
 year = {1974}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Brooks, P.M.},
 journal = {Mammalia},
 pages = {53–64},
 title = {Aspects of the reproduction, growth and development of the four-striped field mouse, <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> (Sparrman, 1784).},
 volume = {46},
 year = {1982}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Castiglia, R., Solano, E., Makundi, R.H., Hulselmans, J., Verheyen, E. and Colangelo, P.},
 journal = {Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research},
 pages = {165–172},
 title = {Rapid chromosomal evolution in the mesic four-striped grass rat <i>Rhabdomys dilectus</i> (Rodentia, Muridae) revealed by mtDNA phylogeographic analysis.},
 volume = {50},
 year = {2012}
}
,@inbook{112168517,
 address = {Cape Town, South Africa.},
 author = {},
 booktitle = {Striped mouse <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i>},
 editor = {De Graaf, G.},
 publisher = {Struik Publishers},
 title = {The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals},
 year = {1997}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Dufour, C.M., Meynard, C., Watson, J., Rioux, C., Benhamou, S., Perez, J., Du Plessis, J.J., Avenant, N., Pillay, N. and Ganem, G.},
 journal = {PloS One},
 number = {2},
 pages = {e0117750. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117750},
 title = {Space use variation in co-occurring sister species: response to environmental variation or competition?},
 volume = {10},
 year = {2015}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Nel, J.A., Rautenbach, I.L., Els, D.A. and De Graaff, G.},
 journal = {Koedoe},
 pages = {195–220},
 title = {The rodents and other small mammals of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park},
 volume = {27},
 year = {1984}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Perrin, M.R.},
 journal = {Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Generalis},
 pages = {71–89},
 title = {The feeding habits of two co-existing rodents, <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> (Sparrman, 1784) and <i>Otomys irroratus</i> (Brants, 1827)},
 volume = {1},
 year = {1980}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Perrin MR.},
 journal = {Acta Oecologica. Oecologia Generalis (France)},
 pages = {383–410},
 title = {The breeding strategies of two coexisting rodents, <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> and <i>Otomys irroratus</i>: with a brief review of some pertinent life history ideas},
 volume = {1},
 year = {1980}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Perrin MR, Curtis BA.},
 journal = {South African Journal of Zoology},
 pages = {22–33},
 title = {Comparative morphology of the digestive system of 19 species of Southern African myomorph rodents in relation to diet and evolution.},
 volume = {15},
 year = {1980}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Pillay, N.},
 journal = {Mammalia},
 pages = {461–470},
 title = {Reproductive isolation in three populations of the striped mouse <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> (Rodentia, Muridae): interpopulation breeding studies},
 volume = {64},
 year = {2000}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Pillay, N., Eborall, J. and Ganem, G.},
 journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
 pages = {757–764},
 title = {Divergence of mate recognition in the African striped mouse (<i>Rhabdomys</i>)},
 volume = {17},
 year = {2006}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Rambau, R.V., Robinson, T.J. and Stanyon, R.},
 journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
 pages = {564–575},
 title = {Molecular genetics of <i>Rhabdomys pumilio</i> subspecies boundaries: mtDNA phylogeography and karyotypic analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization},
 volume = {28},
 year = {2003}
}
,@article{112168517,
 author = {Rowe-Rowe, D.T. and Meester, J.},
 journal = {Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde},
 pages = {347–356},
 title = {Population dynamics of small mammals in the Drakensberg of Natal, South Africa},
 volume = {47},
 year = {1982}
}
,@article{112168732,
 author = {Fuller, J.A. and Perrin, M.R.},
 journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research},
 pages = {1--12},
 title = {Habitat assessment of small mammals in the Umvoti Vlei Conservancy, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa},
 volume = {31},
 year = {2001}
}
,]
Send feedback about this assessment to SANBI

Lead agencies, Partners and Funders

See the partners page