Red List of South African Species

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Least Concern (LC)
Assessors: Stephanie Plön
Contributors: Ken Findlay Herman Oosthuizen Mike Meyer Simon Elwen Claire Relton Matthew Child Shanan Atkins
Reviewers: Vic Cockcroft

Rationale

The Common Bottlenose Dolphin is widespread and abundant throughout its range and regular sightings and strandings within the assessment region suggest that there is no major population decline and no major threats are suspected. In contrast to T. aduncus, which is commonly accepted as the coastal resident population of bottlenose dolphins, T. truncatus is considered to be largely offshore. Anthropogenic disturbance in the form of boat traffic, fisheries and ecotourism, as well as pollution (including noise, plastic debris and persistent organic pollutants) are recognised as minor threats to this species. Common Bottlenose Dolphins are currently not considered a conservation priority and are therefore listed as Least Concern in line with the global listing.

Regional population effects: The Common Bottlenose Dolphin exhibits seasonal movements, often following the seasonal migrations of sardine off South Africa’s south and east coasts. There are no barriers to dispersal, thus rescue effects are possible.

Distribution

Globally, bottlenose dolphins are widely distributed, found throughout tropical and temperate regions, only absent in the extreme high latitudes (Skinner & Chimimba 2005). Two forms are often described, where one is commonly restricted to coastal areas and estuaries, while the other is associated with open ocean areas, usually regions of upwelling and high productivity, such as shelf edges and sea mounts. Across the entire assessment region, the range of the Common Bottlenose Dolphins extends from the Orange River mouth to Kosi Bay, present both in  continental shelf waters and inshore, in waters shallower than 50 m. Only very seldom found in shallow, inshore waters (< 50m).

A common assumption is that inshore records in the Indian Ocean belong to T. aduncus, while T. truncatus is only found further offshore (Best 2007). Findlay et al. (1992) describes the presence of T. truncatus offshore on the south and southeast coast, as well as inshore on the west coast of South Africa.

In the southwest Atlantic a coastal population of T. truncatus occurs off Namibia, usually found in waters less than 10 m deep. It has been reported from waters between Cape Cross and Walvis Bay, but the geographical limits of its range remain largely uncertain (Best 2007). Elsewhere off the South African coast this species is usually found in waters less than 100 m deep, as well as at depths of between 500 m and 1,000 m (Best 2007).

Population trend

Trend

Globally, there are estimated to be more than 600,000 Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Hammond et al. 2012). Groups of several tens of T. truncatus are frequently sighted, along with False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens), in the Plettenberg Bay area. This species is sighted regularly in South African waters, and thus, despite frequent stranding events, no population decline is expected.

Threats

Around the world, Common Bottlenose Dolphins are vulnerable to both accidental and intentional catch, habitat degradation (Curry & Smith 1997), as well as disturbance and harassment (often due to ecotourism activities). Within the assessment region, this species is not expected to be at risk of any significant population decline; however, a number of minor threats have been identified, and the combination of these threats may become a cause for concern in the future.  
  1. Anthropogenic disturbance: Although no known tourism targets this species in South Africa, tourism, boat traffic and ‘swim-with’ programmes are known to influence the natural movements (Constantine et al. 2004; Lusseau 2005), social behaviours (Nowacek et al. 2001; Bejder et al. 2006b), energy budgets and geographic ranges (Bejder et al. 2006a) of bottlenose dolphins. For example, a long-term study in New Zealand found an increase in dolphin avoidance of swimmers, and a decrease in dolphin interaction with humans over time. Additionally, cetaceans have shown additional avoidance behaviours in response to other forms of anthropogenic disturbance (Finley et al. 1990; Kruse 1991; Janik & Thompson 1996; Bejder et al. 1999), which may in turn affect natural foraging, resting and socialising behaviour (Constantine 2001; Constantine et al. 2004). Continued disruption of feeding, resting and social activities of Common Bottlenose Dolphins could have detrimental impacts on reproduction rates (Stensland & Berggren 2007; Dans et al. 2008) and calf survival (Bejder et al. 2006a; Stensland & Berggren 2007).  
  2. Collision with boats: Vessel-related physical injury of bottlenose dolphins have been documented across a number of regions (e.g. Nowacek et al. 2001; van Waerebeek et al. 2007; Bechdel et al. 2009), where collision with propellers and hulls may result in injuries ranging from minor lacerations and blunt force trauma to death. For example, photo-identification data captured off the coast of Florida showed that 6.0% of the distinctly marked population of bottlenose dolphins had injuries attributed to motorized vessels (Bechdel et al. 2009), and in the Gulf of Guayaquil, nearly 2% of bottlenose dolphins had propeller-related scars and injuries (van Waerebeek et al. 2007). Three fatally injured bottlenose dolphins off western Florida showed a range of injuries, including a completely severed tail and substantial bruising (Morgan & Patton 1990). In the Southern Hemisphere, van Waerebeek et al. (2007) found that habituation of dolphins to boats appears to be a contributing factor in dolphin-vessel collision events.  
  3. Fisheries bycatch: Accidental bycatch of Common Bottlenose Dolphins occurs throughout the species’ range in both commercial and recreational fisheries, as well as shark nets, but incidental reports are poorly documented (Wells & Scott 1999). Depredation (or the act of stealing or damaging prey captured in fishing gear) can lead to serious physical injury or death of cetaceans through entanglement or ingestion. Additionally, continued and learned behaviour associated with depredation impacts natural activity patterns (Cox et al. 2003; Lauriano et al. 2004; Brotons et al. 2008; Sigler et al. 2008; Powell & Wells 2011). Furthermore, dolphins often cause substantial economic impacts for fishermen, including net damage and a reduction in overall fish catch (Buscaino et al. 2009), leading to negative responses towards dolphins. 
  4. Competition: Depredation behaviour is likely a direct response to increased competition for forage resources between cetaceans and humans. Loss of prey availability and biomass as a result of overfishing and environmental degradation is an increasing threat to this species in large parts of its range.
  5. Noise pollution: Cetaceans depend on auditory stimuli for navigation, communication and hunting, thus are commonly considered sensitive to anthropogenic noise pollution (Finneran et al. 2000). Noise associated with ships, seismic exploitation, marine construction, demolition and sonars affect the movements and diving patterns of cetaceans, as well as their vocalisation and social behaviours (Buckstaff 2004), and may result in negative physiological responses, such as increased stress (Nowacek et al. 2007; Koper & Plön 2012).  
  6. Environmental contaminants: Xenobiotic chemicals and their toxic effects threaten the reproductive potential and immune system of this species. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants within the body tissues of top marine predators is common, and is documented for this species (Yordy et al. 2010a, 2010b).  

Uses and trade

There is no trade of this species within South Africa, although there is one pure T. truncatus at uShaka Marine World, KwaZulu-Natal, but this has no effect on the wild populations of this species

Conservation

The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Marine Living Resources Act (No. 18 of 1998). Mitigation measures designed to limit accidental cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries include spatiotemporal fishery closure regimes, marine protected areas, the use of acoustic alarms and other modifications of fishing equipment and techniques. Acoustic alarms often emit high frequency sounds, designed to deter cetaceans away from nets, or at least warn them of the barrier’s presence (Dawson et al. 1998). The use of high frequency alarms on gillnets along the US east coast were found to have only a subtle deterring effect on bottlenose dolphins, and are unlikely to reduce dolphin bycatch to any significant degree (Cox et al. 2003). The use of pingers in artisanal fisheries around the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean), reduced the level of interaction between bottlenose dolphins and bottom-set nets; however, the propensity for dolphin habituation calls for continued research into the long-term viability of acoustic deterrents, or the use of alternative mitigation efforts (Brotons et al. 2008). However, there is some evidence (UKZN unpubl. data) that pingers increase T. aduncus catch (no data for T. truncatus), but the potential for pingers to increase, rather than decrease catch is a concern.

This species is likely to be impacted by offshore resource exploration (seismic surveys) and exploitation (for example, drilling and blasting), which has increased substantially in South African waters over the last decade. Working with environmental impact agencies to mitigate any impacts, and applying pressure on governmental  authorities to make accepted good practice mitigation measures obligatory during any exploration/exploitation, are important interventions.

Finally, in response to the increasing levels of negative impacts associated with the interaction between dolphins and the anthropogenic fishing industry, Buscaino et al. (2009) suggest a collaborative response towards sustainable exploitation of oceanic resources, a decrease in the intensity of marine extraction and the establishment of protected areas .

Recommendations for managers and practitioners:
  • Further field surveys to delimit geographical boundaries and identify threats.
Research priorities:
  • Continued research into the taxonomic relationships and the genetic variation between these southern African populations is necessary. Genetic analyses to assess potential differences in population structure of bottlenose dolphins between South Africa’s west and east coasts, as well as those off Namibia.
  • Continued investigation into the response of bottlenose dolphins to anthropogenic sound. Including offshore petroleum exploration and exploitation.
  • Physiological and behavioural effects of anthropogenic pollution, including bioaccumulation of toxins, noise pollution and plastic debris to Common Bottlenose Dolphins within the assessment region.
Encouraged citizen actions:
  • Use information dispensed by the South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative to make good choices when buying fish in shops and restaurants, for example wwfsa.mobi, FishMS 0794998795.
  • Buy fresh produce that has been grown in pesticidefree environments.
  • Save electricity and fuel to mitigate CO2 emissions and hence, the rate of climate change.
  • Buy local products that have not been shipped.
  • Report sightings on virtual museum platforms (for example, iSpot and MammalMAP) to help with mapping geographical distribution, and report any stranded dolphins to your nearest museum, the Centre for Dolphin Studies or to relevant local authorities.

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