Red List of South African Species

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Least Concern (LC)
Assessors: Greg Hofmeyr Nico de Bruyn Marthan Bester Mia Wege
Contributors: Steven Kirkman Herman Oosthuizen Mike Meyer Mdu Seakamela Lloyd Lowry Samantha Page-Nicholson Matthew Child
Reviewers: Greg Hofmeyr Nico de Bruyn Marthan Bester Mia Wege

Rationale

Nationally,  due  to  the  increasing  size  of  the  population  at  the    Prince    Edward    Islands,    their    links    with    other populations,  and  a  lack  of  major  apparent  threats,  the Antarctic  fur  seal  is  listed  Least  Concern.  Although  this species was listed as Near Threatened in 2004, based on  low   abundance   at   the   Prince   Edward   Islands,   this population  is  still  increasing.  Pup  production  at  Prince  Edward Island itself in 2008/09 was 810 and had grown at  11.4%  since  2001.  Pup  production  at  Marion  Island  was  1,553  in  2012/13,  having  grown  at  4.0%  since  2009/10. Growth  at  this  population  has  slowed  down  from  17%  in 2003/04 (744 pups) possibly due to saturation at the main rookery,  where  77%  of  the  pups  are  born.  The  current foraging  population  size  (adults  and  subadults)  on  both islands  is  estimated  as  8,979  animals.  Furthermore,  the Prince  Edward  Islands  were  proclaimed  a  Special  Nature Reserve  in  1995,  under  the  South  African  Environmental Conservation Act (No. 73 of 1989), and a Marine Protected Area in 2013.

Although  this  species  does  not  currently  face  any  major threats  within  the  assessment  region,  it  is  believed  to  be vulnerable  to  climate  change  due  to  the  possible  impact on populations of prey species. The recent slowing of their rate   of   increase   at   the   assessment   site   should   be monitored both in light of the decline in abundance of this species  at  Bird  Island,  South  Georgia,  and  the  recent decline  in  the  sympatric  population  of  Subantarctic  Fur Seals  (A.  tropicalis).  Given  the  scarcity  of  pup  production data from other islands and Antarctic Fur Seals’ ability to travel  extreme  distances,  the  effects  of  emigration  on population estimates at the above mentioned sites cannot be  discounted.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  Antarctic  Fur Seals  experienced  a  severe  population  bottleneck  during the  19th and  early  20th centuries  which  reduced  their genetic   variation   and   which   may   make   this   species particularly vulnerable to disease or climate change in the future.

Regional   population   effects:
Antarctic  Fur  Seals  are thought  to  have  a  continuous  range  and  therefore  the potential  exists  for  immigrants  from  other  subpopulations in  the  Southern  Ocean  to  augment  the  Prince  Edward Island  population.  Genetic  evidence  indicates  that  the large  population  at  South  Georgia  was  the  source  of immigrants  that  established  the  Prince  Edward  Islands population  (Wynen  et  al.  2000).  The  arrival  and  birth  of leucistic  individuals  (de  Bruyn  et  al.  2007;  Wege  et  al. 2015), a colour morph common at South Georgia (Bonner 1968),  together  with  an  exponential  growth  rate  of  this population  at  the  end  of  the  20th century  (Hofmeyr  et  al. 2006), indicates that such immigration likely continues.

Distribution

Antarctic Fur Seals are widely-distributed in waters south, and in some areas slightly north, of the Antarctic Convergence (Bonner 1968). While most Antarctic Fur Seal breed at South Georgia (Boyd 1993) colonies are also found on the South Shetland Islands (Goebel et al. 2003), the South Orkney Islands (Boyd 1993), the South Sandwich Islands (Holdgate 1962), the Prince Edward Islands (Bester et al. 2003, Hofmeyr et al. 2006), Îles Crozet (Guinet et al. 1994), Îles Kerguelen (Guinet et al. 2000), Heard Island (Page et al. 2003), McDonald Island (Johnston 1982), Macquarie Island (Goldsworthy et al. 1999) and Bouvetøya (Hofmeyr et al. 2005). Vagrants have been recorded at Gough Island (Wilson et al. 2006) and on the coasts of Antarctica (Shaughnessy and Burton 1986), southern South America (Drehmer and De Oliviera 2000) and Australia (Stewardson 2007). Antarctic Fur Seals disperse widely when at sea.

Population trend

Trend

Globally, Antarctic Fur Seals breed at numerous sites on 11 islands or island groups. While some 95% of Antarctic Fur Seal pup production is on the island of South Georgia, eight other subpopulations are estimated to contain more than 1,000 adults each (Forcada & Hoffman 2014; SCAR_EGS 2014). Although Antarctic Fur Seals are still the most abundant species of fur seals with an estimated 600,000 breeding females in 2012 (Wickens & York 1997; I. Boyd pers. comm. in SCAR EGS (Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research Expert Group on Seals 2008); Forcada & Hoffman 2014), the numbers of adult females at Bird Island, South Georgia are estimated to have declined by 24% between 1984 and 2012 (Forcada & Hoffman 2014). Should this be representative of the South Georgia population as a whole, this would effectively be a decline in the global population. Forcada and Hoffman (2014) attributed this decline and an accompanying increase in population genetic diversity to climate change. However, Boyd (2014) challenged these conclusions and suggested the decline is most likely in response to density-dependent factors acting upon a population that had been growing exponentially for several decades.

Within the assessment region, both islands within the Prince Edward Islands Archipelago support increasing breeding rookeries and the total population (2008/13) is estimated at well over 11,342 animals using a conversion factor of 4.8 (pups to total population) (Kerley 1983). The foraging population (including subadults) is estimated as 8,979 animals using a conversion factor of 3.8 (Kerley 1983). Pup production in the 2008/09 summer at Prince Edward Island itself was estimated at 810 having grown by 11.4% since 2000/01. Pup production on Marion Island increased by 4.0% to 1,553 between 2009/10 and 2012/13, having slowed from 17% in 2003/04 (Wege et al. 2016). This deceleration is attributed to saturation at the main rookery (Watertunnel Beach). It is unlikely that this slowed growth is a result of interspecific competition for breeding space as Subantarctic Fur Seals prefer to breed on boulder/jumbled rocky beaches (Bester 1982), whereas Antarctic Fur Seals prefer small-pebble beaches backed by vegetated slopes (Kerley 1984). One location (Watertunnel Beach) currently harbours 77–81% of the total population on Marion Island, with only two other breeding rookeries (at Trypot and Landfall beaches on the east coast) producing in excess of 100 pups annually (Wege et al. 2016). Although the breeding rookeries are fragmented along the island coastlines, gene flow occurs as individuals occasionally move between rookeries (Mammal Research Institute unpubl. data).

Threats

By the late 19th century, the Antarctic Fur Seal was almost extinct due to commercial sealing (Kovacs et al. 2012). Populations survived this period is small numbers at three sites: 1) South Georgia, 2) Bouvet Island and 3) Îles Kerguelen (Wynen et al. 2000; Hofmeyr et al. 2005). It is also possible that the species survived at a fourth site: the South Shetland Islands (Bonin et al. 2013). Although this population bottleneck resulted in a substantial reduction of genetic diversity (Wynen et al. 2000), unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity remain (Bonin et al. 2013).

Few legal fisheries exploit the range of the Antarctic Fur Seal. However, illegal fishing in the area is likely to increase (Hanchet et al. 2003). Antarctic Fur Seals have been recorded entangled in marine debris (including discarded fishing line, nets and other foreign objects). As the fisheries expand, it is further likely that this threat too will increase. The most recent estimate of entanglement rates of Antarctic Fur Seals at South Georgia is 0.4% (Arnould & Croxall 1995). At the Prince Edward Islands, the rate of entanglement (together with the sympatric Subantarctic Fur Seal) was estimated to be lower, at approximately 0.24% for the period 1996–2001 (Hofmeyr et al. 2002). Entangled animals are expected to die as a result of their injuries (Bonner & McCann 1982; Croxall et al. 1990; Hofmeyr et al. 2002).

While tourism at Subantarctic islands at Subantarctic islands is minimal (Shirihai 2002; Hofmeyr & Bester 2008), its increase could cause disturbance. However, the South African government prohibits tourism at the Prince Edward Islands (Prince Edward Islands Management Plan 2010).

Although this species does not currently face any major threats within the assessment region, it is believed to be vulnerable to climate change due to the possible impact on populations of prey species (Siniff et al. 2008; Kovacs et al. 2012; McDonald et al. 2012), with recent suggestions that some subpopulations of this species may be declining (Forcada & Hoffman 2014). Global climate change may result in additional future negative impacts (Learmonth et al. 2006). The risk of disease transmission may increase (Lavigne & Schmitz 1990). Due to their colonial habits, otariids, such as the Antarctic Fur Seal, are at greater risk of future disease outbreaks. Climate change may also negatively impact the abundance of prey species (Kovacs et al. 2012). At Bird Island, South Georgia, the abundance of adult females is estimated to have declined by approximately 24% since 1984, possibly as a result of climate induced changes in prey availability (Forcada & Hoffman 2014). The recent slowing of their rate of increase at the assessment site should be monitored both in light of the decline in abundance of this species at Bird Island, South Georgia and the recent decline in the sympatric population of Subantarctic Fur Seals (Wege et al. 2016). Growing populations of other krill-feeding predators, such as whales, recovering from previous century’s harvesting might also compete with Antarctic Fur Seals for food.

Uses and trade

Although this species was previously over exploited in the 19th century, it has not been exploited since 1927, partly being protected by the isolation of their habitat. However, any otariid species may be threatened by the trade in body parts for medicinal use in East Asia.

Conservation

Governments that claim island territories manage breeding sites of Antarctic Fur Seals as protected areas. The South African Seabirds and Seals Protection Act (Prince Edward Islands Management Plan 2010), for instance, protect the Prince Edward Islands. These islands are a special nature reserve and a marine protected area (Chown & Froneman 2008; DEA 2013). The management plan restricts visitor access to specific areas, including all of Prince Edward Island itself and parts of Marion Island (Prince Edward Islands Management Plan 2010). No specific interventions are required at present, but the population should continue to be monitored.

Recommendations for land managers and practitioners:
  • Continuation of the monitoring and research programme conducted over the past two decades to date by the Marion Island Marine Mammal Programme under the auspices of the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria. Aspects of this work feeds into an international monitoring programme run by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR): the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Programme (CEMP).
Research priorities:
  • The effects of global climate change on the foraging and breeding behaviour of this species.
  • The effects of global climate change on the prey species of the Antarctic Fur Seal.
  • The effects of local fisheries on prey populations.
  • Characteristics and causes of population changes
Encouraged citizen actions:
  • Due to the isolation of Antarctic Fur Seal habitat, citizen actions are limited. However, citizens can report potential sightings on virtual museum platforms (for example, iSpot and MammalMAP).

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,@phdthesis{2058,
 author = {Kerley GIH. },
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 title = {The relationship between two species of fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray) and A. gazella (Peters) on Marion Island. M.Sc. Thesis.},
 year = {1984}
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,@electronic{2058,
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 year = {2008}
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,@article{2058,
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 volume = {32},
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,@article{2058,
 author = {Wege M, Postma M, Tosh CA, de Bruyn PJN, Bester MN.},
 journal = {Polar Biology},
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}
,]
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